parallel communication protocols

Hewlett-Packard developed a communication bus which has become the industry standard for laboratory use. Length of individual USB cable can reach up to 5 meters without a hub and 40 meters with hub.The Controller Area Network (CAN) is used in e.g. CAN messages are prioritized via IDs so that the highest priority IDs are non-interrupted. Each ECU contains a chip for receiving all transmitted messages, decide relevance and act accordingly - this allows easy modification and inclusion of additional nodes (e.g. UART stands for a universal asynchronous transmitter and receiver.UART Protocols is a serial communication with two wired protocols.

The RS422 is similar to RS232 which allows to simultaneously send and receive messages on separate lines but uses a differential signal for this. Malfunction of the clock results in unexpected data transmission even sometimes data loss. An additional bus enhancement to MICROWIRE is called MICROWIRE/Plus. The SPI can deliver up to 10Mbps of speed and is ideal for high speed data communication.Most of the microcontrollers have inbuilt support for SPI and can be directly connected SPI supported device:Inter integrated circuit (I2C) two-line communication between different ICs or modules where two lines are SDA (Serial Data Line) and SCL (Serial Clock Line). USB acts as "plug and play" device. So, the clock synchronisation becomes very important when using serial communication.The clock is different for serial devices and it is classified in two type viz. It can connect up to 14 instruments with a computer and operate at a data rate as high as 1 MB per second. Also there is no mismatch in baud rate in this interface. The RS-485 does not define a specific type of connector, but it is often a terminal block or a DB9 connector. The RS-422 line is 4 wires for data transmission (2 twisted wires for transmission and 2 twisted wires for receiving) and one common GND ground wire.

Synchronous Serial Interface and Asynchronous Serial Interface.It is a point-to-point connection from a master to slave.

It supports speeds up to 3Mbps.The asynchronous type of serial protocols are very essential when it comes to longer distance reliable data transfer. I2C can deliver speed up to 400Kbps and it uses 10 bit or 7 bit addressing system to target a specific device on the i2c bus so it can connect up to 1024 devices. In order for those individual circuits to swap their information, they must share a common communication protocol. The There are different types of data transfer available in the digital electronics such as serial communication and parallel communication.

The well-known examples of the half duplex is the internet where the user sends a request for a data and the gets it from server.In full duplex method, both receiver and transmitter can send data to each other at the same time. A differential bus is built with two wire, one of represents the transmitted data and the other its complement. USB uses only two wires to for data transfer and are faster than the serial and parallel interface. Then, they will go through three separate lines from sender to receiver. The voltage on the lines is in the range from -7 V to +12 V. There are two types of RS-485 such as half duplex mode RS-485 with 2 contacts and full duplex mode RS-485 with 4 contacts. In this type of interface, all the devices use single CPU bus to share data and clock. Very little has been done with it to date. It is used for short distance communication in embedded systems.

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parallel communication protocols