The team is trying to develop a small metal probe - a cryobot (cryo means "ice" in Greek) - that can emit chemicals to create a sterile zone around itself, burrow through the ice using a high-pressure jet of hot water to clear its path, take samples, and transmit collected data back to the surface. But on Europa there would be no lifeline for handlers trying to send instantaneous commands to the bot far below: Signals sent to Europa will take 35 to 50 minutes to reach the probe in a place that makes Vostok station look like Mauritius.

"He says I thought of it; I say he thought of it," Horvath says with a laugh. Lake Vostok sits beneath 2.5 miles of solid ice, close to the center of East Antarctica.

As a coordinator for the Antarctic and Southern Oceans Coalition (ASOC), a group of 240 nongovernmental organizations from 50 countries with interests in the region, Roura spends much of his time trying to protect the Antarctic from environmentally disruptive projects. "For Vostok and Europa, hot temperatures aren't anticipated, so the existing design wouldn't change a bit." Gagarin entered the Vostok 1 spacecraft and at 07:10 local time, the radio communication system was turned on. "Everyone had this mental picture of the water being just a few tens of meters thick." In area (5,400 square miles), it's nearly the size of Lake Ladoga, the greatest of Russia's western lakes.

The radiation that makes the moon's surface so inhospitable might turn out to be a blessing in that the chemical radicals it creates in the ice could somehow make their way to the ocean and provide another source of energy.The University of Arizona's Richard Greenberg argues that people doubtful about life on Europa are ignoring evidence that the ice is very thin in some places, which means there could be water close enough to the surface for photosynthesis to occur. The exploration of Lake Vostok is just the sort of thing he wants to stop. If the lake is contaminated, measurements and samples will be compromised. For them, Vostok isn't just an abscess in the ice but a hole in our knowledge of the world - a peculiarly well-defined, romantically isolated, technologically dramatic hole. To imagine Lake Vostok, you must first envision a great lake in a living landscape, a week's walk from end to end, too wide to see across from the highest hills on its flanks. Gagarin crossed into night, northwest of the Hawaiian Islands. Over that sort of time span, Vostok's comparatively meager supply of knowledge will be drained, and knowledge is the only thing Vostok has to offer: It's hardly a place where anyone might try to live.

Please refresh the page and try again.Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. For example, when a break-out group debating biological issues quizzed Ian Dalziel, associate director of the Institute for Geophysics at the University of Texas, about the nature of the hole that the lake waters are sitting in, he cheerfully told them that it could have been created by two continents colliding, a landmass tearing apart, a glacier, or even an asteroid - and that it could have been there for as long 35 million years.Another point of contention is whether Vostok was a surface lake that froze during a past ice age or something that formed more recently from water trickling through the Antarctic ice cap. Its sediments contain a unique record of Antarctica's climate before the ice caps arrived - one that could revolutionize the science of the frozen continent. Since more ice cover means more sunlight reflected back into space, things cooled down quickly.

It would certainly show them how to look for it there: Exploring Vostok would be the nearest thing to a space mission without leaving the planet.It's no surprise, then, that at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, the probes that will look for life in these icy depths millions of miles apart are being developed side by side. In Lake Vostok's dark waters, they hope for visions from halfway across the solar system, and halfway back to Earth's beginnings. And if drilling proceeds anyway? Surprising facts about Vostok 1, the mission that made Yuri Gagarin the first man in space. Horvath addressed some of those obstacles in 1996, when she asked her undergraduate students at Caltech and the UK's Leicester University to think about ways to get through Europa's crust to the putative ocean beneath. Although Siegert had cataloged evidence for some 70 subglacial lakes, Vostok was by far the largest and most contained. But even with the new legislation, the science of Lake Vostok continued to be a strange dance between the desire to protect and the desire to study. Read how big Antarctica is, how cold it can get, what kind of animals live there, how much ice it contains and much more. By the end of the course you’ll be surprised by the progress you’ll have made!Last chance to register for the Soviet Cartoons and Film Speaking club!Russian online speaking club: improve your skills in a fun way Eventually, it all but grazes the lake-bed sediments, scanning for clues to an unseen ecosystem. And, purely by chance, other scientists had already drilled most of the way down to it. As the probe sinks, the hole behind it freezes up. Vostok Station Something fascinating about Lake Vostok is that the surface of the ice above it (where the poor scientists are stuck) is up at 3.5 km [11,484ft) above sea level. "As luck would have it, the 1995 borehole for climate studies was drilled into an ice sheet whose bottom layer is made up of frozen water from Lake Vostok itself. "Subglacial lakes are a brand-new environment," notes Ellis-Evans, "and, like anywhere humans come across, we are curious about it - we want to understand it. After the ice caps reached about 30 degrees latitude, the reflection effect became unstoppable, enveloping the entire planet in freezing temperatures and sending ice from both poles toward the equator. Antarctica Climate - Coldest Place: Antarctica is the coldest continent of our planet.

This self-contained hot-water drill burrows downward, paying out fresh cable. Last fall, members of the growing Lake Vostok community returned to Cambridge to try to pull together a definitive statement about Vostok's scientific value. With huge amounts of carbon dioxide and sunlight available, photosynthesis in the oceans ran riot, producing oxygen at an incredible rate. The organisms' origins - and their adaptations to a weird world of cold, dark scarcity - made them the most tempting of targets for study.

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