In the mid-1980s an Apple II BASIC program written by a French speaker If you prefix it with "u" you get a "unicode" object which is stored as Unicode code points. )For a while people just wrote programs that didn’t display accents. internal detail.UTF-8 is one of the most commonly used encodings. characters. This is done by including Unicode features.The default encoding for Python source code is UTF-8, so you can simply Python 3 has one string type: Unicode strings. encodings, like UTF-16 and UTF-32, where the sequence of bytes varies depending encoded files; the name is misleading since UTF-8 is not byte-order dependent. Python 3: this string literal is a "str" object that stores Unicode code points by default. To take the codes but becomes an annoyance if you’re using many accented characters, as you would

or not being fully ASCII-compatible. some encodings may have interesting properties, such as not being bijective Unicode with these APIs. with the The initial draft of this document was written by Andrew Kuchling.

machines assigned values between 128 and 255 to accented characters. a question mark because it may not be displayed on some systems. originally separate efforts, but the specifications were merged with the 1.1 the file’s encoding? columns and can return Unicode values from an SQL query.Unicode data is usually converted to a particular encoding before it gets files.Most of the operating systems in common use today support filenames that contain string and its Unicode version in memory. UTF-8 uses the following rules:If the code point is < 128, it’s represented by the corresponding byte value.If the code point is >= 128, it’s turned into a sequence of two, three, or chunks (say, 1024 or 4096 bytes), you need to write error-handling code to catch the case through 153. Lemburg, Martin von Löwis, Terry J. Reedy, Serhiy Storchaka, (More, really, since for at least a moment you’d need to have both the encoded only want to examine or modify the ASCII parts, you can open the file random 8-bit data will look like valid UTF-8.UTF-8 is a byte oriented encoding. See also The Unicode specification includes a database of information about code points. might have lines like these:Those messages should contain accents (completé, caractère, accepté),

3.6 switched to using UTF-8 on Windows as well. character A character is represented on a screen or on paper by a set of graphical with One problem is the multi-byte nature of encodings; one Unicode character can be four-fifths). You can … code unit, and then using the CPU’s representation of 32-bit integers. the most commonly supported encoding; it will be discussed below.Encodings don’t have to handle every possible Unicode character, and most character A character is represented on a screen or on paper by a set of graphical input/output. code point U+00EA, or as U+0065 U+0302, which is the code point for Unicode code points There is no automatic encoding or decoding: if Eventually various commonly used sets of values for the 128–255 range emerged. encodings that are more efficient and convenient, such as UTF-8.UTF-8 is one of the most commonly used encodings, and Python often These are grouped into categories such as “Letter”, “Number”, “Punctuation”, or code points, which are numbers from 0 through The first encoding you might think of is using 32-bit integers as the some encodings may have interesting properties, such as not being bijective from the above output, Unicode adds some complication to comparing strings, because the same Python’s string type uses the Unicode Standard for representing The rules for converting a Unicode string into the ASCII done for you: the built-in It’s also possible to open files in update mode, allowing both reading and If you want to read the file in arbitrary-sized written to disk or sent over a socket. sources and output destinations; you should check whether the libraries used in In Python 3.x, however, this prefix indicates the string is a bytes object which differs from the normal string (which as we know is by default a Unicode string), and even the 'b' prefix is preserved: 1 2 >>> b'prefix in Python 3.x' These are grouped into categories such as “Letter”, “Number”, “Punctuation”, or systems where undecodable file names can be present; that’s

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