The Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois (1877) upheld the states’ rights to determine maximum freight and warehouse charges because railroads and warehouses served a public interest beyond their own private interest of earning a profit.In the Wabash case (1886), however, the Supreme Court denied the states’ rights to regulate commerce that crossed state lines, since that right was reserved by the Constitution to the federal government. By 1910, 50 percent of southern farmers were tenants, many newly landless whites.

Farmers were underrepresented politically, and new laws often favored business interests at the expense of the farmers. In spite of hardships, farmers of the plains as a group continued to be successful, particularly with grains.The economy of post-Civil War America grew at an astonishing pace, providing most Americans with a higher standard of living.

The railroad provided a way to bring settlers and manufactured goods west and ship their agricultural and mining produce east. They would then attempt to make up their profit by charging smaller, individual shippers, such as farmers, much higher rates.The railroads objected to infringement on their prerogative to set rates, claiming that it was their right to charge whatever they wished.

A planter or merchant extended a line of credit at high interest rates to a poor farmer in exchange for a lien on the farmer’s crop. If one failed, there might still be an income from the others.

Suddenly it was not enough to know how to raise a crop. In spite of hardships, farmers of the plains as a group continued to be successful, particularly with grains.The economy of post-Civil War America grew at an astonishing pace, providing most Americans with a higher standard of living. They usually earned three-fourths of the cash crop and two-thirds of the subsistence crop. Turner concluded his thesis, "The frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history."
Foreign-born immigrants accounted for half the settlers in the west, making it a remarkably diverse group.The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico and California. Turner jacksom published a major book on the frontier for which he did 40 years of research. StudyNotes offers Aboukhadijeh, Feross. These factors contributed to the profitability of the bonanza farm. Before the opening date, many “Sooners” tried to sneak across the boundary to prospect for the best sites and make sure they could stake out their claims before others. This situation resulted in a massive migration of Americans out of the southern Cotton Belt.Farming lost its luster in other areas of the country, as well.

Though we often think of the West as a large, homogenous region, in reality it was as diverse in history, culture, and development as the eastern half of the United States.

Farmers also had to be keen businessmen to stay afloat, and many gave up or lost their land and moved to the city to take industrial jobs.Successful farmers could produce near miraculous harvests with the new mechanized farm equipment, but with low prices they were sometimes no better off for all their effort.
The Frontier thesis or Turner thesis (also American frontierism), is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. Oklahoma became a state in 1907.For the most part, western settlement followed a pattern. 10 Aug. 2020. FRONTIER THESIS, TURNER'S. For these areas to be developed, the government had to promote settlement and provide transportation that would allow movement of people and goods in a less arduous, dangerous, time-consuming, and expensive manner than by wagon.The first phase of the government’s plan for settlement was building the Transcontinental Railroad.

Sharecroppers worked the land using the owner’s machinery and seed. After the closing of the American Frontier, Harvard professor Frederick Jackson Turner wrote a thesis in 1893 that concluded that the West (Frontier) personified the story of America.

Farmers overproduced for the market in an effort to be as profitable as possible, but this drove prices down.With improved ocean and rail shipping, other countries such as Argentina, Australia, Russia, and Canada began to sell their agricultural products in European markets that had formerly been the exclusive province of American farmers.

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