This half bandwidth translates to a doubling of temporal parameters (symbol time and guard time) that makes the signal more tolerant to delay and Doppler, and robust against fading and multipath propagation in the vehicular environment.Security and privacy: security and privacy are vital for most of DSRC/WAVE applications. Furthermore, it transmits huge amounts of data and supports a large number of devices [Energy-efficient wireless communications for SG-HAN:Zigbee is a short-range, low-data rate wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The small-scale fading satisfies the Rayleigh distribution, the Rice distribution, or the Nakagami distribution generally, whose changing rate is faster than that of large-scale fading. After wireless channels, the transmitted signals would suffer propagation losses, which can be roughly divided into two types (i.e., large-scale fading and small-scale fading [Large-scale fading: Due to path loss of signal as a function of distance and shadowing by large objects such as buildings and hills.

In general, we can ignore the Doppler effect if the speed of mobile users is less than 70 km/h.The channels of wireless communications are completely open, which extremely depend on the propagation distance, landscape, carrier frequency, heights of transmit and receive antennas, etc.

Wireless communication refers to the transfer of information among two or more points without an electrical conductor. Consequently, PAs are typically dimensioned for the peak power condition, but are operated most of the time at significantly lower power levels (i.e. Wireless communications are employed in many smart grid applications, such as meter data collection, demand management, substation and power line monitoring and protection. Finally, different types of applications in which the technology is going to be adopted are discussed in detail.This chapter focuses on the requirements for the op amp and a number of techniques used in Categorize various sources of loss and interference.Know how to make a link budget for a radio-link analysis.Explain the role of the link budget, margin, and threshold.Understand the need for the frequency-reuse and cell concepts.Describe the reuse distance and reuse factor in spatial separation.Discuss the cell-splitting and cell-sectoring concepts.Understand the role of delay spread and coherence bandwidth.Appreciate the role of Doppler spread and coherence time.Provide the definitions of slow fading and fast fading.Give the definitions of flat fading and frequency-selective fading.Expand on LTE-Advanced and its enabling technologies.Energy-efficient wireless communications for SG-WAN:Third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) cellular networks can be used in the SG-WAN. In addition, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) stands as a strong candidate for SG-WAN communications [Energy-efficient wireless communications for SG-NAN:SG-NAN is a vital communication domain as it connects utility networks with customer networks. The most common wireless technologies use radio. We highlight radio-propagation mechanisms, and describe various forms of channel fading. Thus, it is very difficult to obtain an accurate channel model of wireless communications. In wireless networks, communication does not require elaborate physical infrastructure or maintenance practices. To overcome the multipath effect, multicarrier modulation (MCM) techniques have attracted increasing attention, especially OFDM.Doppler effect: The Doppler effect happens when mobile users are moving at a high speed. The IEEE609.2 standard describes security services for DSRC/WAVE management messages and application messages designed to meet these goals.In terms of spectrum allocation, while the United States Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and Industry Canada have allocated a radio band of 75 MHz at (5.850–5.925 GHz), in Europe the European Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) has assigned 70 MHz at (5855–5925 MHz), whereas Japan has allocated 80 MHz at 5.8 GHz band. Since the 6 Mb/s (QPSK) seems to provide a good compromise between channel load and signal-to-noise, most testing of IEEE 802.11p in the United States has utilized 6 Mb/s.

History of Wireless Communication.

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